unit7-moc

unit7-pt1

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power

Usually someone died, this transfer of power was bloodless and easy

System used to be that pres and vice pres were a package deal

• Loser would end up being the vice pres
• first election decided by congress

Jefferson, Burr, Adams, Pinckney

• Burr stays in the race and goes for president instead of stepping down
• Goes for 35 rounds of voting and stays in a tie

Jefferson chosen by Hamilton, sways votes After tie, Burr chosen as VP, Jefferson as Pres

12th Amendment

President and VP are a package deal

After burr does allat he hplds a grudge against hamilton

• duel and die

Burr tries to raise army to get southwest and install himself as king Uncovered after treason trial but is exonerated

Jeffersonian Democracy

Simple, casual approach Small federal govenrment Less influence on affairs of country Less monarchial Refused to pay bribe of pirates and captured parts of libya

• we r tuff

Government should not be promoting one sector over another

Laissez-Faire

Hands off approach to government Smaller role in transactions and market economy

Adams and John Marshall

Marshall vs Marbury

John adams appointed choef justice Marshall Increased number of chiefs to 16 Writs of Mandamus Judicial review: court has power to declare a law unconstitutional

In Marbury v. Madison, decided in 1803, the Supreme Court, for the first time, struck down an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This decision created the doctrine of judicial review and set up the Supreme Court of the United States as chief interpreter of the Constitution.

Link to original

unit7-pt2

The Judicial Branch
John Marshall and Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• As president, John Adams appointed Chief Justice John Marshall, a staunch Federalist.  He would serve on the court for over 30 years and would prove to be highly influential in strengthening Federal power.  
• Prior to leaving office, Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which created new courts and increased the number of federal judges by 16.  In an attempt to control future judicial decisions, Adams filled these positions at the last moment with Federalists.  Angry Republicans called the appointment “midnight judges”.  He also appointed 42 justices of the peace.  The Senate approved all appointments.
• The appointments would not be valid unless delivered by the Secretary of State.  Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison refused to deliver the commission of one justice of the peace, William Marbury. 
• Marbury sued Madison (Marbury v. Madison) citing that the Judiciary Act of 1789 authorizes the Supreme Court to issue “writs of mandamus” which compels the government to act and fulfill its duties. 
• The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had the right to the appointment but the Supreme Court did not have the constitutional power to enforce it because the Court held that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 enabling Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional and beyond the scope of judicial power outlined in Article III, Section 2.  They stated that the Supreme Court did not have the power to issue the writ of mandamus and that Congress did not have the power change the Constitution through regular legislation like the Judiciary Act of 1789.
• Article III, Section II: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
• This establishes the precedent of judicial review: that the Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional.
• “It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is.” - John Marshall

Jefferson’s First Term

• Congress did not renew the Alien and Sedition Acts and amended the Naturalization Act to return to pre-change.  Jefferson pardoned those convicted under the Sedition Act.
• Jefferson abolished the Whiskey Tax and reduced the size of the army.
• Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed, ousting the midnight judges but kept most Federalist appointed Federal employees.
• Jefferson limited governmental spending and continued to pay down government debt.
• Louisiana Purchase - In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France and sought to re-establish France’s American empire.  He coerced Spain into returning Louisiana to France and cut off American access to the port of New Orleans.   In 1803, Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans.  France’s inability to defeat the rebellion in Haiti led Napoleon to rethink his American strategy and offer all of Louisiana for 15 million dollars (500 million today).   Jefferson approved the treaty with France.
• Expedition of Lewis and Clark -  Jefferson wanted to know about the land, flora, fauna, and Indians of the Louisiana Territory.  Between 1804 and 1806, their expedition traveled up the Missouri River, crossing the Rocky Mountains, and reaching the Pacific Ocean.

The Napoleonic Wars
Britain vs. France

• As Napoleon conquered Europe, Britain fought to stop him.  
• US merchants continued to trade with Britain and the French navy seized American ships.
• Britain seized American ships that traded with France and between 1802 and 1811, impressed nearly 8,000 American sailors, including US citizens.  
• In June 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the US Navy vessel Chesapeake after it refuses to stop and be searched.  The attack killed 3 and wounded 8. 
• Jefferson responded by signing the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited American ships from leaving home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting American trade.  
• US GDP dropped by 5% and exports plunged by 108 million dollars.  The Embargo Act of 1807 was incredibly unpopular.
• Despite this, Republican James Madison was elected as President in 1808, easily defeating Federalist Charles Pinckney.  Jefferson repealed the Embargo Act before leaving office in 1809.  

Relations with Britain Deteriorate

• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 - Forbade American trade with Britain and France but would reopen trade with whichever nation removed trade restrictions first.  It would prove to be ineffective in damaging the economies of Britain and France enough to alter their policy toward the US.
• Macon’s Bill Number Two - reopened trade with Britain and France but stated that if either nation removed trade restrictions with the US, the US would stop importing goods from the other.  France took the offer and Congress passed a nonimportation act against Britain. 
• War Hawks - Republican Congressmen from the South and West, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.   They were concerned about the US’s reputation over British impressment and pushed for war with Britain.  They also blamed Britain for trade restrictions that hurt western farmers and southern planters.  They were also concerned about the British arming and inciting Native Americans to attack American settlers in the West.  They believed war could allow the US to capture Florida and Canada from Britain.
• Tecumseh’s Confederacy - Shawnee war chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the prophet Tenskwatawa urged Indian tribes to unite against American encroachment and reject American goods.
• William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, decided on a preemptive strike on the holy village Prophetstown in the Battle of Tippecanoe.  With Tecumseh away seeking support of tribes in the South, Harrison destroyed the village and inflicted heavy casualties.  Tecumseh fled to Canada.

Link to original

unit7-pt3

The War of 1812 and Its Aftermath

Causes of the War of 1812

By the early 19th century, tensions between the United States and Great Britain had escalated due to several key issues:

1. Impressment of American Sailors:

   • The British Royal Navy frequently kidnapped American sailors and forced them into British service, claiming they were British deserters.
   • This was a major violation of American sovereignty and a direct insult to U.S. independence.

2. British Violation of American Neutrality and Trade Restrictions:

   • During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), Britain imposed blockades and restrictions on neutral countries, including the U.S., limiting American trade with France.
   • The Orders in Council (1807) restricted American shipping, and the British navy seized U.S. merchant ships, damaging the economy.

3. Incitement of Native American Attacks on the Frontier:

   • The British supplied weapons and support to Native American tribes resisting U.S. expansion, particularly in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region.
   • Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, led a Native American confederation against the U.S. with British backing.
   • The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s forces, increasing American calls for war against Britain.

4. Pressure from War Hawks:

   • Southern and Western congressmen (like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) pushed for war to defend national honor and seize British-held Canada and Spanish Florida.
   • They believed war would allow expansion and eliminate British influence in North America.

Declaration of War

• In June 1812, President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain.
• Congress narrowly approved the war (Senate: 19-13, House: 70-49).
• Federalists strongly opposed the war, calling it “Mr. Madison’s War” because they feared it would hurt trade, especially in New England.

---

The War of 1812: 1812-1813

Early Struggles and U.S. Failures

• The United States was unprepared for war:

  • Small and poorly trained army (only 7,000 regular troops).
  • Tiny navy with only 16 warships against Britain’s 600+ ships.
  • Deep political divisions and weak national finances.

• Failed U.S. Invasion of Canada (1812):

  • The U.S. attempted a three-pronged attack on Canada, believing Canadians would welcome them as liberators.
  • The invasion was poorly planned and executed, leading to a British counterattack that resulted in the capture of Fort Detroit.

Key American Victory at Lake Erie (1813)

• Naval Commander Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie.
• Perry’s famous message after victory: “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”
• This allowed General William Henry Harrison to launch an invasion into Canada.

Battle of the Thames (1813) and the Death of Tecumseh

• Harrison defeated British and Native forces in Canada.
• Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed, breaking Native resistance in the region.

---

The War of 1812: 1814-1815

British Offensive After Defeating Napoleon (1814)

• With Napoleon defeated in Europe, Britain focused all its resources on America.
• British forces launched a major invasion, attacking:
  • Washington, D.C. (August 1814):
    • British troops easily defeated American militia and burned down the White House and Capitol in retaliation for the U.S. burning York (Toronto).
  • Baltimore & Fort McHenry (September 1814):
    • The British navy bombarded Fort McHenry, but the Americans held firm.
    • Francis Scott Key, witnessing the attack, wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) & Andrew Jackson’s Rise

• Andrew Jackson led Tennessee militia against the Creek Nation in the Mississippi Territory (Alabama today).
• Decisive U.S. victory allowed American expansion into the Southeast.

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815) – A Useless but Huge Victory

• The largest battle of the war, fought AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed.
• Jackson’s outnumbered forces defeated the British, making him a national hero.

---

The War’s End and Aftermath

Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)

• Ended the war but did not address U.S. grievances.
• “Nothing was settled, nothing was gained.”
• Returned to pre-war conditions (status quo antebellum).

Hartford Convention (December 1814 - January 1815)

• New England Federalists met to discuss grievances against the war and proposed amendments to limit Southern power.
• Some even suggested secession, but after the war ended, they were discredited.
• Federalist Party collapsed after this, leading to the “Era of Good Feelings.”

Effects of the War

• Rise in nationalism and unity.
• New American symbols:
  • Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison as war heroes.
  • “The Star-Spangled Banner” became a patriotic anthem.
  • The U.S.S. Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) became legendary.
• Federalist Party weakened, leading to one-party dominance by Republicans.

---

The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824)

• With no opposition party, the Republican Party embraced stronger federal power.
• Henry Clay’s National Republicans adopted Federalist-style policies:
  • Second Bank of the U.S. (1816): Created a national currency and controlled state banks.
  • Tariff of 1816: Protected American manufacturers from cheap British goods.
  • Internal improvements: Madison vetoed a federal infrastructure plan, leaving roads and canals up to the states.

---

Key Supreme Court Cases Under Chief Justice John Marshall

Strengthening Federal Power

1. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816): Federal treaties override state laws, and the Supreme Court has final say over state courts.

2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):

   • The Second Bank of the U.S. was constitutional under the “Necessary and Proper” Clause.
   • States cannot tax federal institutions because “the power to tax is the power to destroy.”

3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce, including transportation.

Protecting Property Rights & Contracts

1. Fletcher v. Peck (1810): State governments cannot revoke legal contracts, even if corruption was involved.

2. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): States cannot alter private charters, strengthening contract protections.

---

Final Impact

• Federal government became stronger.
• Nationalism increased after the War of 1812.
• The Federalist Party collapsed, leading to the Era of Good Feelings.
• The Supreme Court strengthened federal authority over states.

This period set the stage for future expansion and economic growth in the U.S.

Link to original

unit7-pt3-teacher

Madison Calls for War with Britain

• In June 1812, Madison addresses Congress and asks for a declaration of war on Britain.
• His reasons:  British impressment of American sailors, Britain’s failure to recognize American neutrality, cutting off US trade with foreign nations, and inciting Native Americans to attack American settlers on the western frontier.
• Congress narrowly voted for war with a 19-13 vote in the Senate and 70-49 vote in the House.  Federalists opposed the measure calling it “Mr. Madison’s War”.

The War of 1812: 1812-1813

• The United States was unprepared to fight the British, having a small army and navy and a deeply divided nation.  
• In the Election of 1812, James Madison defeated De Witt Clinton of New York 128-89, winning his electoral votes from the South and West.  Clinton carried his native New York, New Jersey and the New England states.
• The US invaded Canada in the west but was quickly repulsed, resulting in British troops counterattacking and taking Fort Detroit in Michigan.
• Oliver Hazard Perry launched a naval attack on British ships on Lake Erie, giving American general William Henry Harrison access to Canada where he defeated the British and Indian allies at the Battle of the Thames.  Tecumseh was killed during the battle.

The War of 1812: 1814-1815

• In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon and could now focus on the war in North America.
• In August, the British landed a fleet near Washington, D.C. and easily defeated American militia.  As payback for American troops burning York (later Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, they then burned the city.
• The fleet then moved up the Chesapeake toward Baltimore where they unsuccessfully bombarded Fort HcHenry.  The Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key who witnessed the event.
• General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee attacked the Creek Indians who opposed American expansion in the South.  At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in the Mississippi Territory (now Alabama) Jackson won a major victory opening American expansion in the Southeast.
• From there, Jackson sought to stop a British invasion of the Mississippi River.  At the Battle of New Orleans, Jackson won an overwhelming victory in the largest battle of the war, fought after the peace treaty was signed.

The Results of the War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent - ends the war.  “Nothing was settled, nothing was gained”.  Status quo antebellum but huge effects in the US.
• Hartford Convention - In 1814, New England Federalists, now a minority party, met in opposition to the war and to propose amendments to the Constitution to counter their loss of political power, Virginia’s hold on the presidency, embargoes and limits that hurt their trade, and to make it more difficult to admit new states to the Union.  Some suggested secession.
• A sharp increase in national pride and unity resulted.  New heroes and national symbols emerged:  Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, the Star Spangled Banner, U.S.S. Constitution.  
• The Federalists were on the wrong side of the issue and fell out of favor.  With westward expansion, they ceased to be a national party and with it, the First Party System crumbled.  This ushers in the “Era of Good Feelings” and one party governance.  The Federalists would nominate their last presidential candidate in 1816.

The Era of Good Feelings

• The War of 1812 showed Republicans the benefits of a stronger Federal government and the party split into two factions with Henry Clay leading the National Republicans that took up more Federalist like policies.
• After the war, Madison pursued more pro-Federal government policies such as creating a new national bank in 1816 (Second Bank of the United States) which supplanted state banks that issued too much currency and lent too generously.  The Bank would control state banks and issue a national currency.  The First Bank of the United States’ charter expired in 1811. 
• The Tariff of 1816 to protect American manufacturers from a flood of post war inexpensive British goods.
• National Republicans tried to implement a Federal infrastructure plan but it was vetoed by Madison who took a strict interpretation on the issue, leaving internal improvements up to states.  States then granted charters to private companies to build roads.  

Major Decisions of the Marshall Court - Judicial Nationalism

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) - Lord Fairfax, a British nobleman living in Virginia died and left a large tract of land to his nephew, Denny Martin.  During the American Revolution, Virginia passed laws allowing the state to confiscate Loyalist property and it was unclear under Virginia law whether foreign citizens could inherit land.  In 1789, the state of Virginia voided the transfer and confiscated the land.  Martin claimed that under the Treaty of Paris (1783) and Jay’s Treaty (1795) protected the property interests of British subjects living in the US.  The Virginia Supreme Court upheld the Virginia law but the US Supreme Court reversed the decision upon appeal stating that Federal treaties supersede state law.  This case is also significant because it establishes the US Supreme Court as the court of final appeal in state court cases involving Federal laws and treaties and the importance of a single interpretation of the Constitution and Federal law.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - The Second Bank of the United States set up state banks that competed with state-chartered banks.  In response, the state of Maryland imposed a tax on notes issued by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the US.  The Second Bank refused to pay, claiming the tax infringed upon national powers.  Maryland claimed that the Second Bank was unconstitutional and that it had the right to tax activities within its boundaries.  The Marshall court ruled 9-0 in favor of the Bank, deciding that the Bank was necessary and proper and constitutional but that states cannot tax federal institutions since “the power to tax is the power to destroy”.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - In 1815, Aaron Ogden operated a steamboat ferry boat between Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City as a monopoly under a license from the state of New York.  His former partner operated another steamboat on the same in 1820 with a license obtained from Congress.  The court decided in favor of Gibbons because Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce which includes transportation.

• The Marshall Court: Property Rights and Contracts

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) - In 1795, the state of Georgia granted a large tract of land to the Yazoo Land Company but in 1796, it was revealed that the legislature received bribes from the Yazoo Land Company and the land grant was revoked.  In 1800, John Peck acquired a plot of land that was once part of the original legislative grant.  In 1803, Fletcher purchased the plot of land from Peck claiming the previous land sales had been legitimate.  The US Supreme Court ruled that the initial land grant was a contract that could not be invalidated by the state of Georgia.  The decision limited state power, protected property rights, and promoted economic investment.

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) - Dartmouth College was founded in 1769 as a private institution by a royal charter from King George III.  In 1816, the state of New Hampshire passed legislation converting the school into a public university.  Citing Fletcher v. Peck, the college sued, arguing that the original charter was a contract that could not be altered by the state.  The Marshall court agreed with Dartmouth.

Link to original

unit7-pt4

Marbury vs Madison

• Marbury won, established judicial review
• Court gives up writ of mandamus
• Madison tried to appoint midnight judges
• Marbury was appointed as a justice of the peace for washington DC
• Marbury upset he cant take office and sues madison after midnight judges are appointed

Judiciary act of 1789: Supreme Court can offer writ of mandamus

• court order compelling the government to act and do something
• Not a constitutional power

Judiciary act of 1801: Gives power of judicial review to the Supreme Court

• Judicial review ends up being more powerful than writs of mandamus

Was Jefferson a good president?

• Didn’t represent the ideas of his party
  • Keep out of government
  • President can’t purchase land or make treaties, stretches the words of the constitution
    • Directly against the Republican ideas

Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon seizes power in France but quickly loses money
• As a bail out for the struggling empire, Napoleon offers to sell Louisiana territory to Jefferson
  • Jefferson approves but calls it a treaty
  • Sends Lewis and Clark
• Gives more farmland, which is a Republican ideal

Napoleonic Wars

• Britain fought to stop Napoleon
  • Impressed american sailors
  • Attacked American ship
• Jefferson passes the Embargo Act
  • American ships cannot trade with anyyone until Britian and France stopped attacking America
• US GDP dropped by 5%
• Act was incredibly unpopular and fails
  • Hurts New England as British trade is their main source of income
• Repealed by Jefferson before he leaves office

Despite this, Madison still wins the election and shows that Federalist ideas will not succeed in America’s political landscape.

Problems after Napoleonic Wars

• Non intercourse Act
  • forbade trade with Britain and France but would reopen trade to whichever removed restrictions first
• Macons Bill Number 2
  • reopened trade with both, but said that if one nation removed trade restrictions they would become exclusive
  • France takes the offer, and a nonimportation act against Britain is passed
• War Hawks
  • want to start war in order for America to gain more land. Mostly republicans from the south
• Tecumseh’s Confederacy
  • urged Indian tribes to unite against American encroachment and reject American goods
• William Henry Harrison
  • destroyed the town of Prophetstown in a preemptive **Battle of Tippecanoe

Madison Calls for War with Britain

• June 1812: Madison asks for a declaration of war on Britain
• Reasons:
  • Impressment of sailors
  • Failure to recognize neutrality

War of 1812

• Going into the war the US is weak due to republican policies
• White House and most of DC is burned
  • Little to no opposition
• British troops can now focus on America because Napoleon was defeated
• Andrew Jackson becomes popular because of army successes
  • Starts battle even after treaty is signed, ends up winning
• Sharp increase of nationalism
• Federalists fall out of favor and cease to be a national party
  • Era of Good Feelings ensues
• Monroe wins presidency
  • Republican party ends up being the only party in power

Era of good feelings

• Republicans realize the benefits of a stronger federal government
• Party splits into 2 factions, one wanting a stronger national government
• Madison created a new national bank
  • Controlled state banks and issues a national currency
  • Charter expired in 1811
  • Seen as institution of corruption and insiders
• Tariff of 1816 passed to protect American manufacturers from cheap British goods
• Federal road system vetoed by Madison
  • States granted private charters to build roads

Court cases

Martin vs Hunter → US Supreme court is final appeal and handles all interpretations of constitution

Mcculloch vs Maryland → Bank is necessary and proper but states cannot tax federal institutions

Gibbons vs Ogden → Congress has right to regulate interstate commerce which includes transportation

Fletcher vs Peck → limited state power, protected property rights, and promoted economic investments (govt cant negate contract)

Dartmouth vs Woodward → original charter was a contract that could not be changred by the state

Link to original

unit7-sg