ush-final-sg

unit7-moc

unit7-pt1

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power

Usually someone died, this transfer of power was bloodless and easy

System used to be that pres and vice pres were a package deal

• Loser would end up being the vice pres
• first election decided by congress

Jefferson, Burr, Adams, Pinckney

• Burr stays in the race and goes for president instead of stepping down
• Goes for 35 rounds of voting and stays in a tie

Jefferson chosen by Hamilton, sways votes After tie, Burr chosen as VP, Jefferson as Pres

12th Amendment

President and VP are a package deal

After burr does allat he hplds a grudge against hamilton

• duel and die

Burr tries to raise army to get southwest and install himself as king Uncovered after treason trial but is exonerated

Jeffersonian Democracy

Simple, casual approach Small federal govenrment Less influence on affairs of country Less monarchial Refused to pay bribe of pirates and captured parts of libya

• we r tuff

Government should not be promoting one sector over another

Laissez-Faire

Hands off approach to government Smaller role in transactions and market economy

Adams and John Marshall

Marshall vs Marbury

John adams appointed choef justice Marshall Increased number of chiefs to 16 Writs of Mandamus Judicial review: court has power to declare a law unconstitutional

In Marbury v. Madison, decided in 1803, the Supreme Court, for the first time, struck down an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This decision created the doctrine of judicial review and set up the Supreme Court of the United States as chief interpreter of the Constitution.

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unit7-pt2

The Judicial Branch
John Marshall and Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• As president, John Adams appointed Chief Justice John Marshall, a staunch Federalist.  He would serve on the court for over 30 years and would prove to be highly influential in strengthening Federal power.  
• Prior to leaving office, Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which created new courts and increased the number of federal judges by 16.  In an attempt to control future judicial decisions, Adams filled these positions at the last moment with Federalists.  Angry Republicans called the appointment “midnight judges”.  He also appointed 42 justices of the peace.  The Senate approved all appointments.
• The appointments would not be valid unless delivered by the Secretary of State.  Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison refused to deliver the commission of one justice of the peace, William Marbury. 
• Marbury sued Madison (Marbury v. Madison) citing that the Judiciary Act of 1789 authorizes the Supreme Court to issue “writs of mandamus” which compels the government to act and fulfill its duties. 
• The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had the right to the appointment but the Supreme Court did not have the constitutional power to enforce it because the Court held that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 enabling Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional and beyond the scope of judicial power outlined in Article III, Section 2.  They stated that the Supreme Court did not have the power to issue the writ of mandamus and that Congress did not have the power change the Constitution through regular legislation like the Judiciary Act of 1789.
• Article III, Section II: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
• This establishes the precedent of judicial review: that the Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional.
• “It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is.” - John Marshall

Jefferson’s First Term

• Congress did not renew the Alien and Sedition Acts and amended the Naturalization Act to return to pre-change.  Jefferson pardoned those convicted under the Sedition Act.
• Jefferson abolished the Whiskey Tax and reduced the size of the army.
• Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed, ousting the midnight judges but kept most Federalist appointed Federal employees.
• Jefferson limited governmental spending and continued to pay down government debt.
• Louisiana Purchase - In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France and sought to re-establish France’s American empire.  He coerced Spain into returning Louisiana to France and cut off American access to the port of New Orleans.   In 1803, Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans.  France’s inability to defeat the rebellion in Haiti led Napoleon to rethink his American strategy and offer all of Louisiana for 15 million dollars (500 million today).   Jefferson approved the treaty with France.
• Expedition of Lewis and Clark -  Jefferson wanted to know about the land, flora, fauna, and Indians of the Louisiana Territory.  Between 1804 and 1806, their expedition traveled up the Missouri River, crossing the Rocky Mountains, and reaching the Pacific Ocean.

The Napoleonic Wars
Britain vs. France

• As Napoleon conquered Europe, Britain fought to stop him.  
• US merchants continued to trade with Britain and the French navy seized American ships.
• Britain seized American ships that traded with France and between 1802 and 1811, impressed nearly 8,000 American sailors, including US citizens.  
• In June 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the US Navy vessel Chesapeake after it refuses to stop and be searched.  The attack killed 3 and wounded 8. 
• Jefferson responded by signing the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited American ships from leaving home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting American trade.  
• US GDP dropped by 5% and exports plunged by 108 million dollars.  The Embargo Act of 1807 was incredibly unpopular.
• Despite this, Republican James Madison was elected as President in 1808, easily defeating Federalist Charles Pinckney.  Jefferson repealed the Embargo Act before leaving office in 1809.  

Relations with Britain Deteriorate

• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 - Forbade American trade with Britain and France but would reopen trade with whichever nation removed trade restrictions first.  It would prove to be ineffective in damaging the economies of Britain and France enough to alter their policy toward the US.
• Macon’s Bill Number Two - reopened trade with Britain and France but stated that if either nation removed trade restrictions with the US, the US would stop importing goods from the other.  France took the offer and Congress passed a nonimportation act against Britain. 
• War Hawks - Republican Congressmen from the South and West, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.   They were concerned about the US’s reputation over British impressment and pushed for war with Britain.  They also blamed Britain for trade restrictions that hurt western farmers and southern planters.  They were also concerned about the British arming and inciting Native Americans to attack American settlers in the West.  They believed war could allow the US to capture Florida and Canada from Britain.
• Tecumseh’s Confederacy - Shawnee war chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the prophet Tenskwatawa urged Indian tribes to unite against American encroachment and reject American goods.
• William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, decided on a preemptive strike on the holy village Prophetstown in the Battle of Tippecanoe.  With Tecumseh away seeking support of tribes in the South, Harrison destroyed the village and inflicted heavy casualties.  Tecumseh fled to Canada.

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unit7-pt3

The War of 1812 and Its Aftermath

Causes of the War of 1812

By the early 19th century, tensions between the United States and Great Britain had escalated due to several key issues:

1. Impressment of American Sailors:

   • The British Royal Navy frequently kidnapped American sailors and forced them into British service, claiming they were British deserters.
   • This was a major violation of American sovereignty and a direct insult to U.S. independence.

2. British Violation of American Neutrality and Trade Restrictions:

   • During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), Britain imposed blockades and restrictions on neutral countries, including the U.S., limiting American trade with France.
   • The Orders in Council (1807) restricted American shipping, and the British navy seized U.S. merchant ships, damaging the economy.

3. Incitement of Native American Attacks on the Frontier:

   • The British supplied weapons and support to Native American tribes resisting U.S. expansion, particularly in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region.
   • Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, led a Native American confederation against the U.S. with British backing.
   • The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s forces, increasing American calls for war against Britain.

4. Pressure from War Hawks:

   • Southern and Western congressmen (like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) pushed for war to defend national honor and seize British-held Canada and Spanish Florida.
   • They believed war would allow expansion and eliminate British influence in North America.

Declaration of War

• In June 1812, President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain.
• Congress narrowly approved the war (Senate: 19-13, House: 70-49).
• Federalists strongly opposed the war, calling it “Mr. Madison’s War” because they feared it would hurt trade, especially in New England.

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The War of 1812: 1812-1813

Early Struggles and U.S. Failures

• The United States was unprepared for war:

  • Small and poorly trained army (only 7,000 regular troops).
  • Tiny navy with only 16 warships against Britain’s 600+ ships.
  • Deep political divisions and weak national finances.

• Failed U.S. Invasion of Canada (1812):

  • The U.S. attempted a three-pronged attack on Canada, believing Canadians would welcome them as liberators.
  • The invasion was poorly planned and executed, leading to a British counterattack that resulted in the capture of Fort Detroit.

Key American Victory at Lake Erie (1813)

• Naval Commander Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie.
• Perry’s famous message after victory: “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”
• This allowed General William Henry Harrison to launch an invasion into Canada.

Battle of the Thames (1813) and the Death of Tecumseh

• Harrison defeated British and Native forces in Canada.
• Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed, breaking Native resistance in the region.

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The War of 1812: 1814-1815

British Offensive After Defeating Napoleon (1814)

• With Napoleon defeated in Europe, Britain focused all its resources on America.
• British forces launched a major invasion, attacking:
  • Washington, D.C. (August 1814):
    • British troops easily defeated American militia and burned down the White House and Capitol in retaliation for the U.S. burning York (Toronto).
  • Baltimore & Fort McHenry (September 1814):
    • The British navy bombarded Fort McHenry, but the Americans held firm.
    • Francis Scott Key, witnessing the attack, wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) & Andrew Jackson’s Rise

• Andrew Jackson led Tennessee militia against the Creek Nation in the Mississippi Territory (Alabama today).
• Decisive U.S. victory allowed American expansion into the Southeast.

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815) – A Useless but Huge Victory

• The largest battle of the war, fought AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed.
• Jackson’s outnumbered forces defeated the British, making him a national hero.

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The War’s End and Aftermath

Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)

• Ended the war but did not address U.S. grievances.
• “Nothing was settled, nothing was gained.”
• Returned to pre-war conditions (status quo antebellum).

Hartford Convention (December 1814 - January 1815)

• New England Federalists met to discuss grievances against the war and proposed amendments to limit Southern power.
• Some even suggested secession, but after the war ended, they were discredited.
• Federalist Party collapsed after this, leading to the “Era of Good Feelings.”

Effects of the War

• Rise in nationalism and unity.
• New American symbols:
  • Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison as war heroes.
  • “The Star-Spangled Banner” became a patriotic anthem.
  • The U.S.S. Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) became legendary.
• Federalist Party weakened, leading to one-party dominance by Republicans.

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The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824)

• With no opposition party, the Republican Party embraced stronger federal power.
• Henry Clay’s National Republicans adopted Federalist-style policies:
  • Second Bank of the U.S. (1816): Created a national currency and controlled state banks.
  • Tariff of 1816: Protected American manufacturers from cheap British goods.
  • Internal improvements: Madison vetoed a federal infrastructure plan, leaving roads and canals up to the states.

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Key Supreme Court Cases Under Chief Justice John Marshall

Strengthening Federal Power

1. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816): Federal treaties override state laws, and the Supreme Court has final say over state courts.

2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):

   • The Second Bank of the U.S. was constitutional under the “Necessary and Proper” Clause.
   • States cannot tax federal institutions because “the power to tax is the power to destroy.”

3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce, including transportation.

Protecting Property Rights & Contracts

1. Fletcher v. Peck (1810): State governments cannot revoke legal contracts, even if corruption was involved.

2. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): States cannot alter private charters, strengthening contract protections.

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Final Impact

• Federal government became stronger.
• Nationalism increased after the War of 1812.
• The Federalist Party collapsed, leading to the Era of Good Feelings.
• The Supreme Court strengthened federal authority over states.

This period set the stage for future expansion and economic growth in the U.S.

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unit7-pt3-teacher

Madison Calls for War with Britain

• In June 1812, Madison addresses Congress and asks for a declaration of war on Britain.
• His reasons:  British impressment of American sailors, Britain’s failure to recognize American neutrality, cutting off US trade with foreign nations, and inciting Native Americans to attack American settlers on the western frontier.
• Congress narrowly voted for war with a 19-13 vote in the Senate and 70-49 vote in the House.  Federalists opposed the measure calling it “Mr. Madison’s War”.

The War of 1812: 1812-1813

• The United States was unprepared to fight the British, having a small army and navy and a deeply divided nation.  
• In the Election of 1812, James Madison defeated De Witt Clinton of New York 128-89, winning his electoral votes from the South and West.  Clinton carried his native New York, New Jersey and the New England states.
• The US invaded Canada in the west but was quickly repulsed, resulting in British troops counterattacking and taking Fort Detroit in Michigan.
• Oliver Hazard Perry launched a naval attack on British ships on Lake Erie, giving American general William Henry Harrison access to Canada where he defeated the British and Indian allies at the Battle of the Thames.  Tecumseh was killed during the battle.

The War of 1812: 1814-1815

• In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon and could now focus on the war in North America.
• In August, the British landed a fleet near Washington, D.C. and easily defeated American militia.  As payback for American troops burning York (later Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, they then burned the city.
• The fleet then moved up the Chesapeake toward Baltimore where they unsuccessfully bombarded Fort HcHenry.  The Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key who witnessed the event.
• General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee attacked the Creek Indians who opposed American expansion in the South.  At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in the Mississippi Territory (now Alabama) Jackson won a major victory opening American expansion in the Southeast.
• From there, Jackson sought to stop a British invasion of the Mississippi River.  At the Battle of New Orleans, Jackson won an overwhelming victory in the largest battle of the war, fought after the peace treaty was signed.

The Results of the War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent - ends the war.  “Nothing was settled, nothing was gained”.  Status quo antebellum but huge effects in the US.
• Hartford Convention - In 1814, New England Federalists, now a minority party, met in opposition to the war and to propose amendments to the Constitution to counter their loss of political power, Virginia’s hold on the presidency, embargoes and limits that hurt their trade, and to make it more difficult to admit new states to the Union.  Some suggested secession.
• A sharp increase in national pride and unity resulted.  New heroes and national symbols emerged:  Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, the Star Spangled Banner, U.S.S. Constitution.  
• The Federalists were on the wrong side of the issue and fell out of favor.  With westward expansion, they ceased to be a national party and with it, the First Party System crumbled.  This ushers in the “Era of Good Feelings” and one party governance.  The Federalists would nominate their last presidential candidate in 1816.

The Era of Good Feelings

• The War of 1812 showed Republicans the benefits of a stronger Federal government and the party split into two factions with Henry Clay leading the National Republicans that took up more Federalist like policies.
• After the war, Madison pursued more pro-Federal government policies such as creating a new national bank in 1816 (Second Bank of the United States) which supplanted state banks that issued too much currency and lent too generously.  The Bank would control state banks and issue a national currency.  The First Bank of the United States’ charter expired in 1811. 
• The Tariff of 1816 to protect American manufacturers from a flood of post war inexpensive British goods.
• National Republicans tried to implement a Federal infrastructure plan but it was vetoed by Madison who took a strict interpretation on the issue, leaving internal improvements up to states.  States then granted charters to private companies to build roads.  

Major Decisions of the Marshall Court - Judicial Nationalism

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) - Lord Fairfax, a British nobleman living in Virginia died and left a large tract of land to his nephew, Denny Martin.  During the American Revolution, Virginia passed laws allowing the state to confiscate Loyalist property and it was unclear under Virginia law whether foreign citizens could inherit land.  In 1789, the state of Virginia voided the transfer and confiscated the land.  Martin claimed that under the Treaty of Paris (1783) and Jay’s Treaty (1795) protected the property interests of British subjects living in the US.  The Virginia Supreme Court upheld the Virginia law but the US Supreme Court reversed the decision upon appeal stating that Federal treaties supersede state law.  This case is also significant because it establishes the US Supreme Court as the court of final appeal in state court cases involving Federal laws and treaties and the importance of a single interpretation of the Constitution and Federal law.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - The Second Bank of the United States set up state banks that competed with state-chartered banks.  In response, the state of Maryland imposed a tax on notes issued by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the US.  The Second Bank refused to pay, claiming the tax infringed upon national powers.  Maryland claimed that the Second Bank was unconstitutional and that it had the right to tax activities within its boundaries.  The Marshall court ruled 9-0 in favor of the Bank, deciding that the Bank was necessary and proper and constitutional but that states cannot tax federal institutions since “the power to tax is the power to destroy”.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - In 1815, Aaron Ogden operated a steamboat ferry boat between Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City as a monopoly under a license from the state of New York.  His former partner operated another steamboat on the same in 1820 with a license obtained from Congress.  The court decided in favor of Gibbons because Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce which includes transportation.

• The Marshall Court: Property Rights and Contracts

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) - In 1795, the state of Georgia granted a large tract of land to the Yazoo Land Company but in 1796, it was revealed that the legislature received bribes from the Yazoo Land Company and the land grant was revoked.  In 1800, John Peck acquired a plot of land that was once part of the original legislative grant.  In 1803, Fletcher purchased the plot of land from Peck claiming the previous land sales had been legitimate.  The US Supreme Court ruled that the initial land grant was a contract that could not be invalidated by the state of Georgia.  The decision limited state power, protected property rights, and promoted economic investment.

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) - Dartmouth College was founded in 1769 as a private institution by a royal charter from King George III.  In 1816, the state of New Hampshire passed legislation converting the school into a public university.  Citing Fletcher v. Peck, the college sued, arguing that the original charter was a contract that could not be altered by the state.  The Marshall court agreed with Dartmouth.

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unit7-pt4

Marbury vs Madison

• Marbury won, established judicial review
• Court gives up writ of mandamus
• Madison tried to appoint midnight judges
• Marbury was appointed as a justice of the peace for washington DC
• Marbury upset he cant take office and sues madison after midnight judges are appointed

Judiciary act of 1789: Supreme Court can offer writ of mandamus

• court order compelling the government to act and do something
• Not a constitutional power

Judiciary act of 1801: Gives power of judicial review to the Supreme Court

• Judicial review ends up being more powerful than writs of mandamus

Was Jefferson a good president?

• Didn’t represent the ideas of his party
  • Keep out of government
  • President can’t purchase land or make treaties, stretches the words of the constitution
    • Directly against the Republican ideas

Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon seizes power in France but quickly loses money
• As a bail out for the struggling empire, Napoleon offers to sell Louisiana territory to Jefferson
  • Jefferson approves but calls it a treaty
  • Sends Lewis and Clark
• Gives more farmland, which is a Republican ideal

Napoleonic Wars

• Britain fought to stop Napoleon
  • Impressed american sailors
  • Attacked American ship
• Jefferson passes the Embargo Act
  • American ships cannot trade with anyyone until Britian and France stopped attacking America
• US GDP dropped by 5%
• Act was incredibly unpopular and fails
  • Hurts New England as British trade is their main source of income
• Repealed by Jefferson before he leaves office

Despite this, Madison still wins the election and shows that Federalist ideas will not succeed in America’s political landscape.

Problems after Napoleonic Wars

• Non intercourse Act
  • forbade trade with Britain and France but would reopen trade to whichever removed restrictions first
• Macons Bill Number 2
  • reopened trade with both, but said that if one nation removed trade restrictions they would become exclusive
  • France takes the offer, and a nonimportation act against Britain is passed
• War Hawks
  • want to start war in order for America to gain more land. Mostly republicans from the south
• Tecumseh’s Confederacy
  • urged Indian tribes to unite against American encroachment and reject American goods
• William Henry Harrison
  • destroyed the town of Prophetstown in a preemptive **Battle of Tippecanoe

Madison Calls for War with Britain

• June 1812: Madison asks for a declaration of war on Britain
• Reasons:
  • Impressment of sailors
  • Failure to recognize neutrality

War of 1812

• Going into the war the US is weak due to republican policies
• White House and most of DC is burned
  • Little to no opposition
• British troops can now focus on America because Napoleon was defeated
• Andrew Jackson becomes popular because of army successes
  • Starts battle even after treaty is signed, ends up winning
• Sharp increase of nationalism
• Federalists fall out of favor and cease to be a national party
  • Era of Good Feelings ensues
• Monroe wins presidency
  • Republican party ends up being the only party in power

Era of good feelings

• Republicans realize the benefits of a stronger federal government
• Party splits into 2 factions, one wanting a stronger national government
• Madison created a new national bank
  • Controlled state banks and issues a national currency
  • Charter expired in 1811
  • Seen as institution of corruption and insiders
• Tariff of 1816 passed to protect American manufacturers from cheap British goods
• Federal road system vetoed by Madison
  • States granted private charters to build roads

Court cases

Martin vs Hunter → US Supreme court is final appeal and handles all interpretations of constitution

Mcculloch vs Maryland → Bank is necessary and proper but states cannot tax federal institutions

Gibbons vs Ogden → Congress has right to regulate interstate commerce which includes transportation

Fletcher vs Peck → limited state power, protected property rights, and promoted economic investments (govt cant negate contract)

Dartmouth vs Woodward → original charter was a contract that could not be changred by the state

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unit7-sg

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unit8-moc

unit8-pt1

Industrial Revolution

• Enabled industry to grow rapidly
• Mills and factories
• Abundant natural resources
• Eli whitny developed the cotton gin
• States allowed companies to sell stock

Life in Industrial North

• Artisans struggle to compete with factories
  • Artisan republicanism: independence of small scale producers
• Trade unions born out of frustrations of low wages
• Urbanization
  • Canals built to connect waterways
  • Transportation
    • Steamboats, railways
• Market revolution:
  • Manufactured goods cheaper and more widely available
  • Farms become more commercial
  • Trains and steam boats faster transport of goods

Cotton King of Antebellum (pre-civil war) South

• Invention of cotton gin lets planters efficiently make cotton
• New plantations meant demand of slaves was high
  • Profitable slave trade
• Southern society had classes
  • Planter elite: 20+ slaves, large plantations, 50% of cotton output, dominate politics
    • Desperately want the expansion of slavery
    • Slaves are an asset
  • Small Planters: 1-5 slaves, few hundred acres of land
  • Yeoman Farmers: Landowning small farmers, majority of population
  • Landless whites: Laborers, poor, rural, farmed less productive land
  • Free Blacks: Worked as skilled artisans, faced discrimination
  • Slaves: subject to slave codes, worked in fields, no control over own lives

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unit8-pt2

Missouri Compromise

• 11 free states and 11 slave states
• Missouri wants to join the union as a slave state
• Congress says no, only if it becomes a free state as it is above the boundary between free and slave
• Maine joins as free and Missouri joins as slave
• From now on the south border of missouri is the boudnary for slavery
  • North of 36-30 line

Populism

• Politics that appeal to the common people and feel that theur concerns are disregarded by the elite groups
  • Promotes the interest of the people
  • Elite are seen as corrupt
• All white men can vote
• New policies for the people
  • Supporters rewarded with govt positions

Election of 1824

• JQAdams

• Jackson

• Clay

• Crawford

• None of the candidates got 131

• HoR decided election

  • John Quincy Adams gets support from Clay because neither of them like Jackson
  • Backroom deal amongst elites

• Adams made Clay secretary of state (Corrutp Bargain)

• Jackson and his supporters become the Democrat party

• Oppose the National Republicans

John QUincy Adams Presidency

• American System
  • National university in washington, scientific exploration
  • Rich people stuff
• Southerners opposed federal funding and fear consolidation of power
• Tarriff of 1816: Raised dutys on textiles and iron goods
• South opposed the tariffs as it benefits the North more

Election of 1828

• Jackson promotes political equality
  • Creates following of people from north and the south
• Southerners opposed Adams due to his tariff support
• Jackson won in a landslide

Jackson Governs for Common Man

• Informal “kitchen cabinet”
• Spoils System - New administrations hire their own government
  • Non-elected office holdiung class
• Believed power belongs to the states
• Tariff of 1832: Tariff of Abominations, lower than 1828
  • Southerners becoming distrustful of the government

Nullification Crisis

• South Carolina said states had the right to void federal laws
  • Refused to collect on the tariff
  • Congress passes Force Bill
    • Right to use military to nforce tariffs
• Clay Compromise: Reduce the tariff over 10 years, SC backs down from secession but nullifies the Force Bill sympolically
• Tariff issue is settled, state issue is not

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unit8-pt3

The War on the Bank

• Jacksons presidency is defined by his wars on different thigns
  • Bank seen as unconstitutional, so he fights it
• Consolidated power
  • Institution run by rich bankers
  • Generally give loans to other rich people
• Makes it a natural target for populist Jackson
• Bank of US controls state banks
  • Banks that regular people go to
  • Monetary policy: How much paper money is in circulaiton
  • Loans given out by national bank
• The bank could basically do whatever it wanted and controlled the states financial power
  • Limited regular peoples access to paper money
  • Backed by gold, so the nation controlled inflation and economy
  • People buying and selling land like crazy
• Clay and Webster (The Whigs) vote on the renewal of the bank early, trying to make Jackson look bad
  • Jackson vetoes the bank renewal
  • Jackson wins again in a landslide victory
    • Populist moment
• State banks are now free to do what they want

Bank Closes

• Second Bank closes and the nations gold and silver is transferred to state banks
  • Called “pet banks”
• Action criticized as illegal but Jackson claimed that electoral victory gave him a mandate to kill the bank
• Jackson claimed right to direct national policy
  • He doesn’t need congress as he is elected
• Land speculation led to state banks printing too much money (depreciation and inflation)
• Jackson issues the Specie Circular requiring land to be bought witj gold and silver
• Hamiltonian style banking ended, halts activism of Clay and Quincy Adams

Second Party System

• Democrats - Jackson, Buren, Taney
  • Distrustful of Fed government
  • Agrarianism
  • Rotation in office (spoils system)
• Whigs - Clay, Quincy Adams, Webster
  • Activist Federal Government
  • Anti-Jackson
  • More optimistic towards specific groups
  • Support from more upscale
• Neither party takes a stance on slavery
• Parties use nominating conventions instead of a caucus to choose presidential candidates

Indian Removal

• Gold discovered in Georgia on Cherokee Land
• Indian Removal Act of 1830: Created Indian Territory in Oklahoma
  • Promises money and land to Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi
• Cherokee Nation vs Georgia:
  • Claim status of a foreign nation, NA is classified as a “domestic dependent nation”
• Worcester vs Georgia
  • Piushes back against laws forbidding Americans libing on Cherokee land
  • Georgia could not remove the Native Americans, that would violate federal treaties
• Jackson’s Response
  • John Marshall made his decision, let him enforce it
• Treaty of New Echota: Signed with a minority faction, only 2,000 moved
  • Van Buren ordered use of military
  • Trail of tears
    • 14,000 cherokee forcibly moved
• Black War Hawk and Seminole War
  • Successful guerilla war to retain some lands

Impact of Jackson’s Presidency

• Upheld national authority during nullification crisis
• Expanded presidential power
• Brough back Jeffersonian beliefs
• Replaced John Marshall with Taney (jacksonian) as chief justice
  • Charles River vs Warren Bridge
    • Legislative charter does not bestow a monopoly
  • Mayor of New York vs Miln
    • States can inspect health of arriving immigrants
  • Briscoe vs Kentycky Bank
    • Bank owned by the state can issue currency despite constitution disallowing issuing of “bills of credit”

Martin Van Burens Presidency

• Jackson chooses Van Buren as his successor
  • Chooses to respect 2 term soft limit
• Panic of 1837
  • Financial crisis that leads to major economic depression that would last through to the 1840s
    • Doesn’t end until California gold rush
  • Bank of England limits credit given to the US
  • Everyone had to withdraw gold and silver to pay back
  • Not enough silver and gold to get to pay back loans
    • Lending slows
  • Bank closures
• Americans blamed Jackson, but it was due to Van Buren’s Laissez Faire approach
• Sets stage for first Whig president

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Log Cabin Campaign

• Whig William Henry Harrison vs Democrat Martin van Buren
• Van Buren was weakened by the Panic of 1837
• Log Cabin Campaign
  • Campaign Slogans: Tippecanoe and Tyler too
  • Branding: Harrison is a common man
  • Negative Campaigning: Van Ruin
  • Rallies
  • Songs
  • Women: Targetted women who they thought would influence thie rhusbands
• Harrison won by a landslide and Whigs took control of Congress
• Harrison died of pneumonia 32 days later and John Tyler became president.

Social and Cultural Change, 1830s-1850s

Human impulse to reform society and make it better, arises from:

• Disruptions of industrial revolution

• Some people left with idea that life can be made better

• Empowerment from Jacksonian ideals

• Second Great Awakening

  • Rejected predestination and celebrated human free will
  • If individuals reform, so will society
  • Sin is a choice and hurts all
  • Salvation can come from self improvement and the improvement of society

• Romanticism

  • Expression of feeling in art and rise of individuality
  • Reaction to the greyness of the industrial revolution
  • Man vs nature and man vs himself, exploration of conflict

• **Transcendentalism

  • Sought deeper insight into the mysteries of existence
  • Celebrated individualism and nature
  • Speak your truth, know thyself
  • Questioning of social norms

• Nativism

  • Discrimination against immigration
  • Especially Irish people who immigrated in response to the Potato Famine
  • A real american is white, anglosaxon, protestant (WASP)
    • Irish are Catholic
    • Idea that catholics cannot be good Americans because of the christian power structure
      • Allegiance to pope over democracy
  • Led to rise of American “Know Nothing” Party
    • Sought to limit immigration and foreign influence

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Utopian Communities

Communities that lived “differently” and in an “ideal” way

• Shakers:
  • Abstained from alcohol, politics, and war
  • Repudiated marriage and became celibate (adoption)
  • Common ownership of property
• Fourierism:
  • Advocated for socialism
  • Members worked in collaborative groups
  • Lack of leadership and disagreement led to dissolution

Minor Social Reform Movements

• Temperance: curb heavy use of alcohol and pushed for prohibition
  • Preached evils of alcohol to prevent abuse
• Prison Reform: rehabilitation of prisoners through mediation and silence
  • Name change to penitentiaries
  • End of debtors prison
  • Easing of criminal law with fewer capital offenses
• Reforms for Mentally Ill: Dorothea Dix led effort for reform
  • State asylums
  • Public hospitals
  • Improve prisons
• Education Reform: Increased suffrage and immigration led to better education
  • Higher standards and teachers colleges
  • Elementary schools
  • Longer school year
  • Mandatory attendance
  • Women hired as teachers

Womens Movement

• Women operate in a “domestic sphere”
  • Do work inside the house
• Women were treated worse under the law overall
  • Could not own property or a business
• Cult of Domesticity
  • Women are supposed to be more moral than men
    • piety, purity, submission
  • Early womens movement tried to extend this to the public sphere
• Seneca Falls Convention
  • 1848 gathering of womans rights activists in NY
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Declaration of Sentiments called for equal rights using the language of the Declaration of Independence.

Early Opposition to Slavery

• Peaceful
  • Gradualism: slavery would be slowly phased out and slaveowners compensated for loss
  • Colonization: Move African Americans to Liberia after the American Colonization society acquired Liberia.
• Violent
  • David Walker: a free African American who opposed colonization as racist and advocated for violence to end slavery
    • Seen as racist
    • Why ship away the slaves, America is their home too
  • Nat Turner: Slave that led to an uprising in Virginia and killed 55 whites.
    • Did not lead to a mass revolt
    • Turner was captured and hanged
    • Southern states made slave codes stricter
• Abolition is a radical idea
  • Far from a majority movement
• Republican party is not for abolition until Lincoln, using war as a way to transform the country
• Slavery is an aristocratic institution

Growing Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison writes a newspaper called The Liberator
  • Doesnt stop publishing until slavery ends
  • Full emancipation is the only option
• American Anti Slavery Society
  • Fund raised on behalf of abolition
  • Hosts speakers and writers, has a printing press
• Underground railroad
  • Assisted fugitive slaves with help of white people
• Harriet Tubman
  • Conductor of the underground railroad and helps slaves escape to their freedom
• Grimke Sisters
  • Wrote about slavery as it is, direct testimonies
• Fredrick Douglass
  • Wrote the North Star
  • Prominent speaker and runaway slave
  • Learned illegally to read and write
  • Wanted pictures taken of him
    • Well dressed, determined, doesnt look like a slave
  • Knew how to manipulate the media

Resistance to Abolition

• South sees abolition as a direct threat to their way of life
  • Slave investment and plantations
• Tried to limit spread of abolitionist pamphlets
• Wealthy saw it as an attack from the rich north bankers
  • Attack on free property ownership
• Gag Rule on slavery was implemented in Congress in 1836

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Manifest Destiny

• Idea that the nation of america is destined to exist from the atlantic to the pacific
  • America is capable because of its virtues
• Preemption act of 1830: Guarantees squatters right to claim land before it is surveyed in the west
• John Gasts’s painting depicts an angel: *Seen as divine and a necessity for America to settle west*
• Reflection of American Values: Not directed by monarchies, the people can do what they want, settle or not settle
• People that embrace religion and industrializing the west
  • Removing native americans, making it an american civilization
  • Light, railroad tracks, factories, education, telephone lines
    • Shows americas taking over of the uncivilized and creating an American nation
• Oregon Trail: one of many paths families and groups take great risks to pass through and head west
  • Not before winter = dead

Americans in Texas

• After Mexico gained independence from Spain, Coalhila y Tejas offers land grants to citizens and American emigrants
• Stephen F Austin gained large amounts of land and sold it to Americans looking to start cotton plantations
  • Soon led to huge amount of slaves and large population
• In 1830, Mexico closed the region off to new immigrants and taxed imported goods heavily
• Sam Houston pushed for independence for Texans, while Austin pushed for a stronger Mexican state government
• Santa Anna becomes dictator in 1835 and has Austin arrested
  • Pushed Texans towards complete independence

Texas War of Independence

• Santa Anna takes control of the army and marched north
  • Texas Republic declares independence on March 2
  • Adopted a constitution legalizing slavery
• Santa Anna wiped out a Texas garrison and massacres them at The Alamo
• Sam Houston catches Santa Annas army resting on the San Jacinto river
  • Catches Santa Anna, forces him to sign document stating that Texas is independent
• Mexican government did not accept the legitimacy of the independence but did not seek to conquer
• Texas votes in favor of annexation in 1836
  • Many northerners opposed
  • John Tyler pushes resolution of annexation after learning that Britain may also do so
    • Very democratic policy to push for annexation even though it benefits the slave states
    • Opposed by Whigs

Election of 1844

• Main Issue
  • Annexation of Texas and Oregon
• John Tyler was only President because of Harrison’s death
  • Switched sides from Democrat to Whig
  • Whig in name only, governs as a Democrat
• Whigs refuse to endorse John Tyler, but so do the democrats
  • No political future and an open field
• Henry Clay runs for a 3rd time, again loses
• James Polk wins on the force of Manifest Destiny
  • Democrats are more expansionist, reflects the zeitgeist
  • “54 40 or fight”
    • Line of boundary between Oregon country and American land
    • Take land from Britain or fight with them, shows manifest destiny
  • Wins state of New York after the Liberty Party pulls enough votes from the Whigs to give Polk the presidency
    • Major parties will not touch slavery, third parties are made to disrupt and send a message, not to win
      • People will throw their vote away just to disrupt the election
• Polk’s victory allows Tyler to pass a joint resolution to annex Texas through Congress
  • Polk seeks to capture rest of Northern Mexico

James K. Polk’s Presidency

• US and Britain agree to split Oregon Country at the 49th Parallel
• Annexation of texas causes Mexico to suspend diplomatic relations with the US
• Polk is determined to capture Mexicos northern regions and tried to lead to annexation
  • “exploring party” led by Fremont is sent into the Sacramento River Valley
  • Polk offers Mexico 30 million dollars for Alta California, but Mexico refuses

The Mexican War

• Polk orders Zachary Taylor to cross the Nueces River between Texas and Mexico
• Mexico sees this as an invasion
  • Gives Polk justification for war
• Over the next 2 years the US overwhelmed Mexico and captured it piece by piece
  • Fremont staged a revolt and proclaimed the independence of the Bear Flag Republic
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
  • Mexico cedes Alta California to the US
    • Full area known as the Mexican Cession
  • Rio Grande is the southern border of Texas
  • US pays $15millionandagreedtopay$3.25 million in Mexican debt
• Polk completes Manifest Destiny in one term

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Calhoun Slavery as a Positive Good Accelerated.pdf Edmund Ruffin Political Economy of Slavery.pdf Hammond Mudsill Theory.pdf

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Americans in the Mexican Cession

The Mormons

• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
• Created during second great awakening
• Founded by Joseph Smith
  • Has vision of Polygamy
  • Eventually killed by a mob
• Brigham Young leads mormons to Utah
  • Creates rift between rest of United States
  • Congress requires them to ban polygamy in order to be accepted as a state
    • Doesn’t happen until 1896
• Suffered from persecution
• Practiced tithing
  • Church provides services in exchange for them showing up and helping out
• Voted in blocs
  • Now centered in Salt Lake City
• Brigham Young led them northwest to utah to found utah mormon yeah

California Gold Rush

• Sutter discovers gold
  • Tries to keep it a secret but word spreads and men poured into California
• New towns sprang up and founded settled california
  • San Francisco became a wild town with people from all around the world
    • Anything goes attitude
  • Real people that made money weren’t the miners, they were the ones who sold things to the miners
• People squatted on lands and ignored Mexican land grants

Slavery in the West

• Mexican War divides the nation after it is found out it is being used to spread slavery into the west and southwest
  • Whigs took control of Congress
• Wilmot Proviso: Tried to ban the spread of slavery into any new lands acquired from Mexico
• Free Soil Party: Third party that opposed the of slavery into western territories
  • Free Soil Free Speech Free Labor Free Men
  • Whig party split
    • Cotton Whigs: pro slavery
    • Conscience Whigs: anti slavery
• Popular sovereignty: each territory should decide for themselves if they want slavery

Election of 1848

• Democrats: Lewis cass, expansionisty who wants to buy Cuba
  • Promoted popular sovereignty as answer to slavery in western territories
• Whigs: Zachary Taylor,
  • Defended spread of slavery but not into the territories
• Free Soil: Martin Van buren, barnburners
  • Chooses Whig as running mate
• Zachary Taylor wins
  • Van Buren wins 10% of popular vote and draws enough away from Cass
• Slavery is now an important factor and can sway the outcome of an election

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California joins as a free state

• Moderate bills passed in order to stop a civil war happening
• Popular sovereignty bills passed to please and appease
• Northern democratrs called for the missouri compromise line to be etxended to the pacific
• South gets desperate and signs the Compromise of 1850

For the North	For the South
California joins as a free state	Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which was done under the threat of secession - Turn in slaves or face a fine - suspends habeus corpus - sets up rigged courts in favor of the south, you could be jailed just for being black - get sent back into slavery
Abolished slave trade in DC	Popular Sovereignty determines issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico
Resolved border dispute in favor of New Mexico
The north becomes involved in slavery even though slavery only happens in the south

Zach taylor dies and Filmore goes into office and signs the bill into law

• Fire eaters hold conventions in the deep south to prepare for southern secession if slavery is threatened

Response to Fugitive Slave Act

Election of 1852

• Pierce wins, doesn’t touch slavery

Some used violence to stop slave catchers

• uncle toms cabin was nonviolent, but provocative
  • Common sense of civil war
• Personal Liberty Laws restart habeus corpus
  • guarantee personal rights

Pierce makes the gadsden purchasr from mexico to make a transcontinental railroad

• pierce supported takeover of cuba also but abandoned it when ueurope issued the ostand manifesto

Political parties are institutions that hold sections together because it forces people to choose a package deal of beliefs, if one doesn’t agree they don’t support the party.

Kansas Nebraska Act

• Interest in builidng a transcontinental railroad was peaking
• Norhterners wanted it to be connected to Chicago, while southern wanted New Orleans or St. Lous
• Creates Nebraska and Kansas as popular sovereignty states
  • Goes against Missouri Compromise but passes as both are north of the line
  • Caused the whig party to become anti slavery
• Causes Whig party and second party system to dissolve

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California Joins as a Free State

• The huge influx of settlers in California caused by the Gold Rush qualified it for admission to the Union.  In November 1849, Californians ratified its state constitution banning slavery, prompting a passionate national debate.

• California’s admission would lead to more free states than slave states and an imbalance in the Senate in favor of the North.

• Staunch protectors of slavery in the South, led by Calhoun, feared the northern controlled Federal government would ban slavery.   Calhoun claimed that since slaves were property, Congress had no constitutional authority to regulate slavery in the territories (even though they have been doing it since the Northwest Ordinance of 1787).  Some threatened secession.

• Other southerners and some Northern Democrats called for a more moderate position: extend the Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific.  

• Another moderate position was popular sovereignty, taking the power away from Congress.  Senator Stephen Douglas (D-IL) became this position’s champion.

• Anti-slavery advocates called for Federal legislation limiting slavery to existing boundaries and thus sending it on the road to extinction.

The Compromise of 1850

• Whigs and Democrats worked on a compromise that would try to stave off southern secession. 

• Henry Clay (W-KY) created a compromise and with Daniel Webster (W-MA) and Stephen Douglas (D-IL) secured the passage of a series of bills known collectively as the Compromise of 1850.

• For the North:

• California joins as a free state.

• Abolished the slave trade, but not slavery, in the District of Columbia

• Resolved a border dispute between Texas (slave state) and the New Mexico Territory (not determined) in favor of New Mexico.

For the South:

• The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: penalized officials who did not arrest a suspected runaway slave with a 1,000 dollar fine.  Any person providing food and shelter to a suspected fugitive slave could be fined 1,000 dollars and imprisoned for 6 months.  African Americans could be determined to be a fugitive slave with as little as a claimant’s sworn testimony of ownership.  Habeas Corpus was suspended for suspected fugitive slaves.  Since slaves had no trial rights in court, cases were heard by judges that were paid 10 dollars for determining that the person should be returned to slavery and 5 for ruling there was insufficient evidence.  

• Popular Sovereignty would determine the issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico.

President Zachary Taylor was opposed to the compromise but died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president in 1850.  Fillmore signed the bill into law.
Militant pro-slavery southern nationalists known as Fire-Eaters, held conventions in states in the Deep South to prepare for southern secession if slavery is threatened.

The Response to the Fugitive Slave Act

• Election of 1852: Franklin Pierce (D-NH) defeated Winfield Scott (W-NJ) 254-42.  Pierce was a northerner who was sympathetic to the southern cause.  

• Northern Reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act

• Despite the threat of penalties, northern abolitionists continued their work on the Underground Railroad, now helping runaway slaves reach freedom in Canada.

• Some used violence to stop southern slave catchers when they ventured into the North.

• In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published the bestselling novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, conveying the moral principles of abolition.

• Claiming states’ rights, northern states passed Personal Liberty Laws guaranteeing all residents, including slaves, the right to trial by jury.

Southerners Sought to Expand Slavery’s Territory

• Franklin Pierce was an expansionist and sought to expand south into Latin America.  In 1853, he made the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico in what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico in order to build a transcontinental railroad.

• Pierce threatened war with Spain to acquire Cuba, which still imported slaves and covertly supported filibustering (private military) expeditions.  When American diplomats in Europe issued the Ostend Manifesto, encouraging the seizing of Cuba, northern Democrats denounced the plan and ended the idea.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

• With Americans on the West Coast, there was interest in building a transcontinental railroad but the question was where it should connect to the eastern rail network.  Northerners wanted it to connect to Chicago while Southerners wanted New Orleans, Memphis, or St. Louis.  
• Being a Senator from Illinois, Stephen Douglas wanted Chicago to be chosen.  In 1854, to get southern support for the bill, he proposed organizing the Nebraska (necessary to build the railroad through the territory) and Kansas Territories with popular sovereignty determining their slave status.  Such a move that would repeal the Missouri Compromise.  
• The bill narrowly passed and caused the Whig party to become ardently anti-slavery, to the point that the lack of a stance on the issue caused it and the Second Party System to dissolve.

Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• The Republican Party: In 1854, ex-Whigs, Free-Soilers, abolitionists, and northern Know-Nothings (who initially did well politically but split along sectional lines) formed a new major party.  Their platform was opposition to slavery, specifically in regards to the western territories, because it drove down wages and was a threat to the middle class.  They also supported Whig policies such as an active Federal government in economic matters like subsidizing the transcontinental railroad. This begins the Third Party System.

• Popular Sovereignty Vote in Kansas: In 1855, Kansas was the first state to vote on the slave issue.  Anti-slavery settlers with the help of the abolitionist New England Emigrant Aid Company, flocked to the territory.  Senator David Atchison from nearby Missouri encouraged Missourians to cross the border and vote (Border Ruffians).  The pro-slavery forces won and the Pierce administration accepted the legitimacy of the pro-slavery legislature and their Lecompton Constitution (legalized slavery).  In Topeka, Kansas; anti-slavery settlers drafted their own constitution (Topeka Constitution) which banned slavery.  

• Bleeding Kansas:  By 1856, Kansas had two governments and became the scene of a territorial civil war between anti and pro slavery forces.  Each side attacked the other, causing about 200 deaths and significant property damage.  Notable events:  Border Ruffians sacked the town of Lawrence and abolitionist John Brown massacred 5 pro-slavery settlers at Pottawattomie.

• The Caning of Charles Sumner - On the floor of the Senate, Charles Sumner (R-MA) gave a speech on the topic of Kansas and blamed “Slave Power” for the violence.  He particularly singled out Senator Andrew Butler (D-SC) and Stephen Douglas (D-IL).  In retribution, Butler’s nephew, Representative Preston Brooks (D-SC), entered into the Senate Chamber and beat Sumner with a cane until Sumner fell unconscious.  Senators and Representatives attempted to intervene but were blocked by Representative Henry A. Edmundson (D-VA).  Sumner’s injuries were so severe that he would not return to the Senate for three years.  He was deemed a martyr by northerners.  Brooks resigned his House seat and was celebrated in the South.

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Reaction to the Kansas Nebraska Act

Birth of Republican Party

• Formed out of the demise of the Whigs due to their loss in the election
  • Had inability to do anything about the kansas nebraska act
• Say that slavery should not spread to the west

Kansas Vote

• People emigrate into Kansas just to vote on the issue of slavery
  • This causes more votes than settlers to be cast
• Slavery side ends up winning and apply to congress with a constitution that protects slavery
  • Anti cries foul and forms their own govt and apply for their own statehood
• 2 constitutions and applications and they start killing eahc other

Bleeding Kansas

• Caused a lot of property damage
• John Brown shows up to potowatame and kills some pro slavery guys
• Charles Summer is caned on the Senate floor
  • Slavery is always followed by violence (essay idea)

James Buchanan’s Presidency

• Wins because of 3rd party interference
• Largely called the worst president and doesn’t do anything to stop the divides in the country
  • Says things about abolitionists
  • In favor of dredd scott, wants Kansas as a slave state.

Dredd Scott vs Sandford

• Dredd Scott was a slave
  • Moves into a free state and lives there, should have been free
  • Goes to supreme court
• Was rejected because “Slaves were not allowed to sue in courts”
  • Due process is needed to take away property as there was no crime
  • Ban of slavery is now right to property

Rise of Abraham Lincoln

• His election causes Civil War
• Launches campaign with House Divided Speech
• Debated Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas debates where they went back and forth
  • Attracted national attention
• Says slavery should be halted but not banned yet
• Douglas says Lincoln is actually an abolitionist
• Lincoln says racist things trying to win the election

John Brown’s Raid

• Fire eaters promoted secession and southerners relied on constitutional protections for slavery
• John Brown plans to attack a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia in an attempt to seize weapons and slaves
• Captured by Robert E Lee, found guilty of treason and killed
• Abolitionists called him a martyr, southerners saw it as proof that their demise was being plotted on
• Southerners began to question whether the Democrats would protect their interests
• Democrat party is split over slavery and nominates 2 candidates

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The Election of Abraham Lincoln

• Beats Breckenridge, Bell, and Douglas
• Lincoln wins every single free state except new jersey
  • Won the presidency without a single electoral vote from the south and less than 1% of the popular vote
• South Carolina immediately secedes from the union, and so do other states
• This is important because the North can outvote the entire South
  • Lincoln wasn’t on the ballot in most Southern states
• Free states will always win as the Republican party doesn’t care about their interests and can win without them

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The Secession Crisis

• States in the deep south begin to secede
• Feb 1861 Jefferson Davis becomes the president of the Confederate States of America
  • Each state is independent, president has 6 year term
• Buchanan deemed secession illegal, but claimed the govt right to take the states back by force
• Crittenden Compromise failed to get govt support
  • Wanted to keep the peace by extending the Missouri line and leaving slavery in all states where it currently exists
• In his inaugural address, Lincoln says how the Union cannot be split and reiterates that secession is illegal
  • Swears to fight against slavery

Fort Sumter and the Seccessiom

• Fort Sumter was a fort in the South, Union troops fled there
  • Jefferson demanded its surrender, and bombarded for 33 hours to get it back
  • Lincoln sends an unarmed ship to give them food so they dont die
  • Ruffin fires the first shot on Fort Sumter and leads to battle
• Lincoln eventually had to pull 75k troops from state militias into service
• After Fort Sumter, the Upper South seceded and joined the confederacy
• Border States don’t secede and are imposed martial law upon these states
  • Habeus corpus suspended and confederate supporters were arrested
  • Maryland was the most important state, if they seceded the US Capitol would be located in another country
  • Kentucky was important because of its position on the Ohio River

Union War Strategy

Anaconda Plan

• Surround the Confederacy by the bottom and slowly go around and strangle it
  • Blockade exports and capture Mississippi River
  • Capture the capital at Richmond
• Everyone in the South has a gun
  • Large military tradition
  • The North has a subpar military leadership
• Legal Tender Act:
  • Created a national currency
    • Paper money known as greenbacks
  • This paper money could be traded in for specie (gold)
• Homestead Act:
  • Free land to farmers in the Union to boost wartime agricultural output
• In 1862 congress chartered the Union Pacific and Central railroads to create the transcontinental railroad
• The Union had unlimited men, unlimited supplies, and a large rail network
  • Also had food farms, not cash crop farms
• The North is more able to support an army

Confederate War Strategy

• Compare themselves to the colonies in the American Revolution
  • Defend its borders, fight a defensive war, and negatively affect northern morale
• The Confederacy also sought foreign recognition so they could sell their cotton
  • Countries were hesitant to make deals with them because of slavery
• To pay for the war they tried to tax trade
  • Limited because of the Union naval blockades and because of the Cotton Diplomacy
• Cotton Diplomacy
  • Stop exporting cotton so that the rest of the world cannot depend on their crazy cotton exports

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Naming

Confederacy names after town or states, Union names battles after rivers

Emancipation Proclamation

• Radical republicans pushed for emancipation of slaves as war goal
• Confiscation Act sllowed for seizure of all property to support the rebellion
• Document does not free any slaves immediately nor abolish slavery
• Adds war goals:
  • Free the slaves
  • Keep Britain and France out of the war
• Emancipated slaves are welcomed to join the Union army

Conscription

• Confederate Conscription: Confederacy approved first military draft for all men ages 18-25, with an exemption if you own over 20 slaves
• **Union Conscription:
  • Militia Act of 1862 offered high incentives to meet recruiting goals
  • Enrollment Act of 1863 formally initiated draft. Many immigrants resisted
    • NY Draft Riots

Lee’s String of Victories

Battle of Fredericksburg

• Ambrose Burnside is put in charge of the 122k man army of the potomac
• Lee only has 78k
• Burnside takes 12k casualties while Lee only takes 6k

Battle of Chancellorsville

• Known as Lee’s perfect battle
• Lee divides his forces and defeats Hooker (Burnsides replacement)
• Stonewall Jackson killed in battle
• Lee goes crazy and takes a ton of losses

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The Turning Point 1863

Seige of Vicksburg and Capture of Mississpii

• VIcksburg surrenders to Grant
  • Key to the Mississippi
• City laid seige to for weeks before surrender

Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania

• Confederacy is in the north and they might be able to go further but they can’t
• Battle of Gettysburg is the bloodiest battle of the war
• Located in a crossroads town and the Union wins
• Popular opinion turns in favor of war
• Lee flees the north
• Lincoln gives Gettysburg address at a ceremony for the soldiers killed in the battle

Grant Takes Command

• Lincoln chooses Ulysses S Grant to be the commander of all Union forces
  • His reasoning was that he fights
• Lincoln engaged in a strategy of total war that mobilized all of society’s resources towards winning
  • Also destroyed everything the enemy could use to their advantage in order to gain an advantage
• War of Attrition: fight until your enemy gets tired
  • Union has more supplies, more soldiers, etc
• Overland Campaign
  • Lee held strong defensive positions and only attacked when he had the advantage
• Seige of Petersburg
  • brutal fighting and put lincoln out of favor

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Election of 1864

• Andrew Johnson was chosen as Lincoln’s running mate
• Lincoln tries to push a message of bringing the country together and ending slavery
• Opponent is George McCullen
  • Platform rejected emancipation and only wanted to oppose Lincoln
• Sherman Captures Atlanta, confederates abandon the city
• Lincoln wins the election, 13th Amendment is passed to end slavery, then sent to the states for ratification

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Sherman marches to Savanna destroying everything useful and convinces the people he doesnt want to keep fighting
  • Burns a swath from Georgia to the sea
    • Plantations, railroads, everything burned
• Sherman reaches Savannah and finds it too beautiful to burn
• Moved north, burns capitol at Columbia, SC
• continued north and reached NC border where he stopped burning
• Spreads message that secessionists will be punished

End of the Confederacy

• Grant took control of the rail lines leading into Petersburg
  • Cuts off Lee from supplies into Richmond
  • Forces Lee to abandon the city and flee west
• Lincoln visits Richmond and Grant pursues Lee
• On April 9, Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House
• Grant offers generous terms to Lee.
  • All soldiers can return home
  • Drop your guns and go home
  • Lee acceps
• Confederate government dissolved, Jefferson David was captured by Union troops on may 10

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Plans During the Civil War

• Large areas of the South lay in ruins.  Its economy had collapsed, its currency was worthless, and its infrastructure destroyed.  African Americans that had once been slaves were emancipated.  

• How do we bring the South back into the nation?

• Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan: proposed in December 1863, it granted amnesty to most ex-Confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the Union if 10% of its voters took a loyalty oath and approved the Thirteenth Amendment.  This plan was considered too lenient by Radical Republicans, led by Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens, they aimed to revolutionize the South’s social structure (including the power of planters), habits, manners, and institutions by preventing Confederate leaders from returning to power, to make the Republican Party a powerful force in the South, and to use the Federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote).

• Wade-Davis Bill: Congress’ plan proposed in July 1864 as a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans, required an oath of allegiance by the majority of each state’s adult white men, then states could write new constitutions and create state governments formed by those who had not taken part in the Civil War.  Voting and office holding rights would be permanently stripped for Confederate government officials and military leaders.  The bill passed Congress but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln.

Assassination of Lincoln: Lincoln looked for a compromise but in April 1865, he was assassinated by southern actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.  Vice President Andrew Johnson (D-TN) became president.  Johnson was the only southern senator that did not secede, grew up working class, hated the planter class, and held racist views toward African Americans.

Freedman’s Bureau

• Established in March 1865, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau to aid freedmen (freed African Americans) who were displaced by the war and deal with abandoned lands in the former Confederacy.
• Between 1865 and 1870, the Bureau would feed and clothe refugees using surplus army supplies to prevent mass starvation.
• The Bureau also helped freemen find work on plantations and negotiated labor contracts (pay and hours worked) with planters and set up special courts to resolve disputes.
• In order to help feed themselves, there was discussion of freemen receiving “forty acres and a mule” each from seized Confederate land but this never came to fruition.  During the war, in January 1865, William Tecumseh Sherman parceled out 400,000 acres of confiscated Confederate land in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and allowed black refugees to farm the land to sustain themselves.  Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens supported this redistribution of land.
• Working with northern charities, the Bureau established schools and hired teachers to educate former slaves.
• In December 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment ending slavery in the United States was ratified by the states.

Presidential Reconstruction

• Congress was in recess and Andrew Johnson used the opportunity to implement his version of Reconstruction.

• Presidential Reconstruction: Andrew Johnson’s plan offered a pardon and return of property to former Confederate citizens that took an oath of loyalty to the Union.  Confederate officers, officials, and those with property valued over 20,000 dollars had to seek a pardon directly from the president.  

• Each former Confederate state had to call a constitutional convention to revoke its ordinance of secession, ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, and reject all Civil War debts.  Johnson did not see a role for African Americans in the future politics of southern states.

Southern states elected former Confederate leaders to Congress.  This shocked Congressional Republicans who refused to seat the former Confederates.
Southern state legislature passed Black Codes to negate the results of the war, severely limiting African Americans’ rights and designed to force former slaves back to plantation labor and protect planter’s economic interests (African Americans would be required to sign yearly labor contracts). 
Vetoes:

• In 1866, Congress extended the charter of the Freedmen’s Bureau but Johnson vetoed the bill citing a violation of states’ rights, that it used the military inappropriately during peacetime, and felt it gave Blacks preferential treatment that poor Whites never received and that it would hamper African Americans’ ability to become self-sustaining.

• To combat the Black Codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which declared all persons born in the United States, except Native Americans, to be citizens.  It allowed African Americans to own property and be treated equally in court.  Johnson vetoed the bill.

• Both vetoes were overridden by Congress and became law.

In 1866, there were anti-black, incredibly violent riots in Memphis and New Orleans.

Congressional Reconstruction

• Congress was anxious to protect freedmen, reassert Republican power in the South, and counter Johnson’s conciliatory stance toward the South.  It passed the Fourteenth Amendment: 

• Citizenship Clause: declared “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” to be citizens of the United States and of the state they reside in.

• Privileges or Immunities and Due Process Clauses: to ensure that states cannot deny the rights of citizens.  

• Equal Protection Clause: all citizens would enjoy equality under the law.

• Confederate debt is voided.

Andrew Johnson opposed ratification but in the 1866 midterm election, Republicans won a 3-1 majority and toward the Radical Republicans, led in the House by Thaddeus Stevens (R-PA) and in the Senate by Charles Sumner (R-MA).  With such majorities, Congress could now circumvent President Johnson.  Johnson advised southern states to not ratify the amendment. 
Thaddeus Stevens argued that plantations should be broken up and given to former slaves in order to sustain themselves.  His position found little support in Congress.

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Presidential Reconstruction

• Johnson used the congressional recess to implement his version of Reconstruction
• Pardon and property to Confederate citizens that took an oath of loyalty to the union
  • Super important and rich people had to request a pardon directly from president
• Southenrners elected former confederates to office, Congress refused to seat them
• Black codes passed
  • Limited the rights of the African Americans
  • Designed to force former slaves into plantation labor to protect the planter’s economic interests
  • Required to sign yearly labor contracts
• 14th amendment passed
  • Citizenship clause
  • Privilege and Immunities and Due Process
    • Everyone is entitled to the same legal procedures to assure that people are not deprived of their life liberty or property
  • Confederate debt is voided
  • Equal protection: all citizens are equal under the law
• 14th amendment takes the bill of rights and applies it to the states and individuals
• States cannot infringe upon the rights of the people and southern states cannot remove the rights of freed slaves
• Andrew Johnson opposed ratification but the Republicans won a 3-1 majority in the House and Senate and could now go around Johnson
• Amendment ended up being ratified

Radical Reconstruction

• Military Reconsturction Act of 1867
  • Divides the entire south into 5 military discricts
  • Tasked to register all males to vote
  • Supervise state constitutional conventions
  • Ensure states have black suffrage
• Tenure of Office Act
  • Senate is required to ask for consent of any federal official who is confirmed by senate
  • Protects Edwin Stanton
  • Bill passed through overridden veto
    • No executive to enforce
• Johnson suspends Edwin Stanton and replaces him with Ulysses S Grant
  • Grant resigns so Edwin can keep his position
  • Johnson fired Stanton

Johnson’s Impeachment

• House voted to impeach Andrew Johnson on 11 counts of misconduct with the main charge being his refusal to uphold the Tenure of Office Act
• Congress fell 1 vote short after 11 weeks in order to remove Johnson
• Dissenting Republicans felt the precedent woul.d be too dangerous abnd would be damaging to checks and balances
• Ulysses S Grant beats Johnson in the 1868 election

Limits of Reform

• 15th amendment allowed all males to vote no matter what
• Made slaves full citizens
• African Americans voted in large numbers in 1870, aligning themselves with the Republican Party
• Civil Rights Act of 1875: Full and equal access to jury service and to transportation and public accomodations regardless of race
• Womens rights were not yet considered as much as men.
  • Did not find support among radical republicans as women would not vote for them
• Crumbles from pressure from the Southern Democrats in Southern states and eventually the north gives up

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Republican Governments in the South

• Rights expanded, black codes ended, public reform
• Ex-confederates saw these governments as illegitimate
  • Scalawags: Southerners that supported reconstruction
  • Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved South
• Northerners moved south to capitalize on reconstruction but it didn’t bring skills or capital to the region
• Graft: gaining money illegally through politics
• Republicans were believed to want to rid the south of its slave owning artisotocracy
• Military in the south is protecting free people from white southern democrats that want to do them harm
• Only seemingly working while the military is down there

African American Communities

• African American churches were created and acted as center of the social life and the pastors were spokespeople for the congregation
• African American colleges: HBCUs are built, 40% of African American children attended school by 1876

Southern Resistance to Reconstruction

• KKK: Secret Society that used terror to push against Black Republican governments and Reconstruction
• Created an agenda to keep AA and R from exercising their civil rights and voting
• Attacked schools, gatherings, and murdered political opponents
• Klan became identical to the Democratic party and dominated politically
• Want to stay in power to “redeem” the south from Republicans and put white southerners in charge
• 1871 KKK acts are outlawed as terror and a federal offense but few convicted
• KKK goes dormant until 1915

The Collapse of Reconstruction

• Election of 1872:
  • Grant easily wins because of his good campaign
• Panic of 1873:
  • Economic panic started by Jay Cooke and Sons company collapse
  • Banks closed as Grant wanted to move away from paper money
• Scandals were associated with Grant’s second term
  • Distillery group stole millions of govt funds becayse his secretary of war was roped up with whiskey rings
  • Grant not nominated for 3rd term, Dems took control of HoR

Election of 1876

• Hayes vs Tilden
• Democrats won with Hayes
  • Republicans called voter fraud and intimidation
  • Both sides had their own set of election results
• Compromise of 1877
  • Congress appointed a 8+7=15 person team to vote on which set will win
  • Hayes said he would help the south and that he would fund improvements
    • Secretly agreed to pull out troops from the South
• Reconstruction Ends:
  • Federal troops pulled out of the south and the last Republican governments collapsed.

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The New South

• Investment into building railroads but remained mostly agrarian
• Tenant Farming: Paying rent to plantation owners and also farming the land
• Often people were forced to work because they couldn’t pay off debt
• Solid South:
  • South could be relied on to vote Democratic until the 1960s
• Jim Crow Laws, Plessy vs Ferguson, Brown vs Board
  • Enforced racial segregation
• Reality that south is not protected by Republican govts
• Foner blames the failure of Reconstruction on Johnson
  • Giving land back to formal confederates as part of stage of reconstruction
• Land could have been re distributed
  • 40 acres and a mule WT
  • Would have made the Black people independent and buffered gaainst the realities of their economic situation
    • Would have been able to build wealth AND all the profits of their labor
  • Instead, were left landless and desperate
    • Only skill they had was agricultural, and they did not own any land
    • Could either rent land or engage in sharecropping
      • Sharecropping is sharing a portion of crops and land with the landlord but getting to keep some and getting paid for yourself
• Land was used for exploitation instead
  • Land owners did not have a lot of cash but needed someone to work the land
    • People with no jobs that have agricultural skills
    • Sharecroppers provided with home, seeding, etc
      • Give a portion of crop to their owner as payment, up to half
  • If freed man owned his land he would get to keep 100%, but the sharecroppers only got to keep 50% of their crop
    • Income is limited and leaves them poor
• Sharecroppers were not paid until Fall
  • No money to buy seed, tools, etc
  • If needed, a crop lien was used to borrow the money to buy it
    • Money was taken out of payment for the year
  • debt peonage occured from crop lien which caused exploitation and cycle of poverty

Jim Crow Laws

• Enforced social segregation
  • Further legitimized by Plessy vs Ferguson
  • Separate but Equal doctrine, allowed to separate
• Overturned by Brown vs Board
  • Unanimous decision that segregation of schools is unconstutional
• Tried to limit voting successfully of African Americans
  • Poll tax, literacy tests, grandfather clauses

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