unit8-moc

unit8-pt1

Industrial Revolution

• Enabled industry to grow rapidly
• Mills and factories
• Abundant natural resources
• Eli whitny developed the cotton gin
• States allowed companies to sell stock

Life in Industrial North

• Artisans struggle to compete with factories
  • Artisan republicanism: independence of small scale producers
• Trade unions born out of frustrations of low wages
• Urbanization
  • Canals built to connect waterways
  • Transportation
    • Steamboats, railways
• Market revolution:
  • Manufactured goods cheaper and more widely available
  • Farms become more commercial
  • Trains and steam boats faster transport of goods

Cotton King of Antebellum (pre-civil war) South

• Invention of cotton gin lets planters efficiently make cotton
• New plantations meant demand of slaves was high
  • Profitable slave trade
• Southern society had classes
  • Planter elite: 20+ slaves, large plantations, 50% of cotton output, dominate politics
    • Desperately want the expansion of slavery
    • Slaves are an asset
  • Small Planters: 1-5 slaves, few hundred acres of land
  • Yeoman Farmers: Landowning small farmers, majority of population
  • Landless whites: Laborers, poor, rural, farmed less productive land
  • Free Blacks: Worked as skilled artisans, faced discrimination
  • Slaves: subject to slave codes, worked in fields, no control over own lives

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unit8-pt2

Missouri Compromise

• 11 free states and 11 slave states
• Missouri wants to join the union as a slave state
• Congress says no, only if it becomes a free state as it is above the boundary between free and slave
• Maine joins as free and Missouri joins as slave
• From now on the south border of missouri is the boudnary for slavery
  • North of 36-30 line

Populism

• Politics that appeal to the common people and feel that theur concerns are disregarded by the elite groups
  • Promotes the interest of the people
  • Elite are seen as corrupt
• All white men can vote
• New policies for the people
  • Supporters rewarded with govt positions

Election of 1824

• JQAdams

• Jackson

• Clay

• Crawford

• None of the candidates got 131

• HoR decided election

  • John Quincy Adams gets support from Clay because neither of them like Jackson
  • Backroom deal amongst elites

• Adams made Clay secretary of state (Corrutp Bargain)

• Jackson and his supporters become the Democrat party

• Oppose the National Republicans

John QUincy Adams Presidency

• American System
  • National university in washington, scientific exploration
  • Rich people stuff
• Southerners opposed federal funding and fear consolidation of power
• Tarriff of 1816: Raised dutys on textiles and iron goods
• South opposed the tariffs as it benefits the North more

Election of 1828

• Jackson promotes political equality
  • Creates following of people from north and the south
• Southerners opposed Adams due to his tariff support
• Jackson won in a landslide

Jackson Governs for Common Man

• Informal “kitchen cabinet”
• Spoils System - New administrations hire their own government
  • Non-elected office holdiung class
• Believed power belongs to the states
• Tariff of 1832: Tariff of Abominations, lower than 1828
  • Southerners becoming distrustful of the government

Nullification Crisis

• South Carolina said states had the right to void federal laws
  • Refused to collect on the tariff
  • Congress passes Force Bill
    • Right to use military to nforce tariffs
• Clay Compromise: Reduce the tariff over 10 years, SC backs down from secession but nullifies the Force Bill sympolically
• Tariff issue is settled, state issue is not

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unit8-pt3

The War on the Bank

• Jacksons presidency is defined by his wars on different thigns
  • Bank seen as unconstitutional, so he fights it
• Consolidated power
  • Institution run by rich bankers
  • Generally give loans to other rich people
• Makes it a natural target for populist Jackson
• Bank of US controls state banks
  • Banks that regular people go to
  • Monetary policy: How much paper money is in circulaiton
  • Loans given out by national bank
• The bank could basically do whatever it wanted and controlled the states financial power
  • Limited regular peoples access to paper money
  • Backed by gold, so the nation controlled inflation and economy
  • People buying and selling land like crazy
• Clay and Webster (The Whigs) vote on the renewal of the bank early, trying to make Jackson look bad
  • Jackson vetoes the bank renewal
  • Jackson wins again in a landslide victory
    • Populist moment
• State banks are now free to do what they want

Bank Closes

• Second Bank closes and the nations gold and silver is transferred to state banks
  • Called “pet banks”
• Action criticized as illegal but Jackson claimed that electoral victory gave him a mandate to kill the bank
• Jackson claimed right to direct national policy
  • He doesn’t need congress as he is elected
• Land speculation led to state banks printing too much money (depreciation and inflation)
• Jackson issues the Specie Circular requiring land to be bought witj gold and silver
• Hamiltonian style banking ended, halts activism of Clay and Quincy Adams

Second Party System

• Democrats - Jackson, Buren, Taney
  • Distrustful of Fed government
  • Agrarianism
  • Rotation in office (spoils system)
• Whigs - Clay, Quincy Adams, Webster
  • Activist Federal Government
  • Anti-Jackson
  • More optimistic towards specific groups
  • Support from more upscale
• Neither party takes a stance on slavery
• Parties use nominating conventions instead of a caucus to choose presidential candidates

Indian Removal

• Gold discovered in Georgia on Cherokee Land
• Indian Removal Act of 1830: Created Indian Territory in Oklahoma
  • Promises money and land to Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi
• Cherokee Nation vs Georgia:
  • Claim status of a foreign nation, NA is classified as a “domestic dependent nation”
• Worcester vs Georgia
  • Piushes back against laws forbidding Americans libing on Cherokee land
  • Georgia could not remove the Native Americans, that would violate federal treaties
• Jackson’s Response
  • John Marshall made his decision, let him enforce it
• Treaty of New Echota: Signed with a minority faction, only 2,000 moved
  • Van Buren ordered use of military
  • Trail of tears
    • 14,000 cherokee forcibly moved
• Black War Hawk and Seminole War
  • Successful guerilla war to retain some lands

Impact of Jackson’s Presidency

• Upheld national authority during nullification crisis
• Expanded presidential power
• Brough back Jeffersonian beliefs
• Replaced John Marshall with Taney (jacksonian) as chief justice
  • Charles River vs Warren Bridge
    • Legislative charter does not bestow a monopoly
  • Mayor of New York vs Miln
    • States can inspect health of arriving immigrants
  • Briscoe vs Kentycky Bank
    • Bank owned by the state can issue currency despite constitution disallowing issuing of “bills of credit”

Martin Van Burens Presidency

• Jackson chooses Van Buren as his successor
  • Chooses to respect 2 term soft limit
• Panic of 1837
  • Financial crisis that leads to major economic depression that would last through to the 1840s
    • Doesn’t end until California gold rush
  • Bank of England limits credit given to the US
  • Everyone had to withdraw gold and silver to pay back
  • Not enough silver and gold to get to pay back loans
    • Lending slows
  • Bank closures
• Americans blamed Jackson, but it was due to Van Buren’s Laissez Faire approach
• Sets stage for first Whig president

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