unit9-moc

unit9-pt1

Log Cabin Campaign

• Whig William Henry Harrison vs Democrat Martin van Buren
• Van Buren was weakened by the Panic of 1837
• Log Cabin Campaign
  • Campaign Slogans: Tippecanoe and Tyler too
  • Branding: Harrison is a common man
  • Negative Campaigning: Van Ruin
  • Rallies
  • Songs
  • Women: Targetted women who they thought would influence thie rhusbands
• Harrison won by a landslide and Whigs took control of Congress
• Harrison died of pneumonia 32 days later and John Tyler became president.

Social and Cultural Change, 1830s-1850s

Human impulse to reform society and make it better, arises from:

• Disruptions of industrial revolution

• Some people left with idea that life can be made better

• Empowerment from Jacksonian ideals

• Second Great Awakening

  • Rejected predestination and celebrated human free will
  • If individuals reform, so will society
  • Sin is a choice and hurts all
  • Salvation can come from self improvement and the improvement of society

• Romanticism

  • Expression of feeling in art and rise of individuality
  • Reaction to the greyness of the industrial revolution
  • Man vs nature and man vs himself, exploration of conflict

• **Transcendentalism

  • Sought deeper insight into the mysteries of existence
  • Celebrated individualism and nature
  • Speak your truth, know thyself
  • Questioning of social norms

• Nativism

  • Discrimination against immigration
  • Especially Irish people who immigrated in response to the Potato Famine
  • A real american is white, anglosaxon, protestant (WASP)
    • Irish are Catholic
    • Idea that catholics cannot be good Americans because of the christian power structure
      • Allegiance to pope over democracy
  • Led to rise of American “Know Nothing” Party
    • Sought to limit immigration and foreign influence

Link to original

unit9-pt2

us-history

Utopian Communities

Communities that lived “differently” and in an “ideal” way

• Shakers:
  • Abstained from alcohol, politics, and war
  • Repudiated marriage and became celibate (adoption)
  • Common ownership of property
• Fourierism:
  • Advocated for socialism
  • Members worked in collaborative groups
  • Lack of leadership and disagreement led to dissolution

Minor Social Reform Movements

• Temperance: curb heavy use of alcohol and pushed for prohibition
  • Preached evils of alcohol to prevent abuse
• Prison Reform: rehabilitation of prisoners through mediation and silence
  • Name change to penitentiaries
  • End of debtors prison
  • Easing of criminal law with fewer capital offenses
• Reforms for Mentally Ill: Dorothea Dix led effort for reform
  • State asylums
  • Public hospitals
  • Improve prisons
• Education Reform: Increased suffrage and immigration led to better education
  • Higher standards and teachers colleges
  • Elementary schools
  • Longer school year
  • Mandatory attendance
  • Women hired as teachers

Womens Movement

• Women operate in a “domestic sphere”
  • Do work inside the house
• Women were treated worse under the law overall
  • Could not own property or a business
• Cult of Domesticity
  • Women are supposed to be more moral than men
    • piety, purity, submission
  • Early womens movement tried to extend this to the public sphere
• Seneca Falls Convention
  • 1848 gathering of womans rights activists in NY
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Declaration of Sentiments called for equal rights using the language of the Declaration of Independence.

Early Opposition to Slavery

• Peaceful
  • Gradualism: slavery would be slowly phased out and slaveowners compensated for loss
  • Colonization: Move African Americans to Liberia after the American Colonization society acquired Liberia.
• Violent
  • David Walker: a free African American who opposed colonization as racist and advocated for violence to end slavery
    • Seen as racist
    • Why ship away the slaves, America is their home too
  • Nat Turner: Slave that led to an uprising in Virginia and killed 55 whites.
    • Did not lead to a mass revolt
    • Turner was captured and hanged
    • Southern states made slave codes stricter
• Abolition is a radical idea
  • Far from a majority movement
• Republican party is not for abolition until Lincoln, using war as a way to transform the country
• Slavery is an aristocratic institution

Growing Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison writes a newspaper called The Liberator
  • Doesnt stop publishing until slavery ends
  • Full emancipation is the only option
• American Anti Slavery Society
  • Fund raised on behalf of abolition
  • Hosts speakers and writers, has a printing press
• Underground railroad
  • Assisted fugitive slaves with help of white people
• Harriet Tubman
  • Conductor of the underground railroad and helps slaves escape to their freedom
• Grimke Sisters
  • Wrote about slavery as it is, direct testimonies
• Fredrick Douglass
  • Wrote the North Star
  • Prominent speaker and runaway slave
  • Learned illegally to read and write
  • Wanted pictures taken of him
    • Well dressed, determined, doesnt look like a slave
  • Knew how to manipulate the media

Resistance to Abolition

• South sees abolition as a direct threat to their way of life
  • Slave investment and plantations
• Tried to limit spread of abolitionist pamphlets
• Wealthy saw it as an attack from the rich north bankers
  • Attack on free property ownership
• Gag Rule on slavery was implemented in Congress in 1836

Link to original

unit9-pt3

us-history

Manifest Destiny

• Idea that the nation of america is destined to exist from the atlantic to the pacific
  • America is capable because of its virtues
• Preemption act of 1830: Guarantees squatters right to claim land before it is surveyed in the west
• John Gasts’s painting depicts an angel: *Seen as divine and a necessity for America to settle west*
• Reflection of American Values: Not directed by monarchies, the people can do what they want, settle or not settle
• People that embrace religion and industrializing the west
  • Removing native americans, making it an american civilization
  • Light, railroad tracks, factories, education, telephone lines
    • Shows americas taking over of the uncivilized and creating an American nation
• Oregon Trail: one of many paths families and groups take great risks to pass through and head west
  • Not before winter = dead

Americans in Texas

• After Mexico gained independence from Spain, Coalhila y Tejas offers land grants to citizens and American emigrants
• Stephen F Austin gained large amounts of land and sold it to Americans looking to start cotton plantations
  • Soon led to huge amount of slaves and large population
• In 1830, Mexico closed the region off to new immigrants and taxed imported goods heavily
• Sam Houston pushed for independence for Texans, while Austin pushed for a stronger Mexican state government
• Santa Anna becomes dictator in 1835 and has Austin arrested
  • Pushed Texans towards complete independence

Texas War of Independence

• Santa Anna takes control of the army and marched north
  • Texas Republic declares independence on March 2
  • Adopted a constitution legalizing slavery
• Santa Anna wiped out a Texas garrison and massacres them at The Alamo
• Sam Houston catches Santa Annas army resting on the San Jacinto river
  • Catches Santa Anna, forces him to sign document stating that Texas is independent
• Mexican government did not accept the legitimacy of the independence but did not seek to conquer
• Texas votes in favor of annexation in 1836
  • Many northerners opposed
  • John Tyler pushes resolution of annexation after learning that Britain may also do so
    • Very democratic policy to push for annexation even though it benefits the slave states
    • Opposed by Whigs

Election of 1844

• Main Issue
  • Annexation of Texas and Oregon
• John Tyler was only President because of Harrison’s death
  • Switched sides from Democrat to Whig
  • Whig in name only, governs as a Democrat
• Whigs refuse to endorse John Tyler, but so do the democrats
  • No political future and an open field
• Henry Clay runs for a 3rd time, again loses
• James Polk wins on the force of Manifest Destiny
  • Democrats are more expansionist, reflects the zeitgeist
  • “54 40 or fight”
    • Line of boundary between Oregon country and American land
    • Take land from Britain or fight with them, shows manifest destiny
  • Wins state of New York after the Liberty Party pulls enough votes from the Whigs to give Polk the presidency
    • Major parties will not touch slavery, third parties are made to disrupt and send a message, not to win
      • People will throw their vote away just to disrupt the election
• Polk’s victory allows Tyler to pass a joint resolution to annex Texas through Congress
  • Polk seeks to capture rest of Northern Mexico

James K. Polk’s Presidency

• US and Britain agree to split Oregon Country at the 49th Parallel
• Annexation of texas causes Mexico to suspend diplomatic relations with the US
• Polk is determined to capture Mexicos northern regions and tried to lead to annexation
  • “exploring party” led by Fremont is sent into the Sacramento River Valley
  • Polk offers Mexico 30 million dollars for Alta California, but Mexico refuses

The Mexican War

• Polk orders Zachary Taylor to cross the Nueces River between Texas and Mexico
• Mexico sees this as an invasion
  • Gives Polk justification for war
• Over the next 2 years the US overwhelmed Mexico and captured it piece by piece
  • Fremont staged a revolt and proclaimed the independence of the Bear Flag Republic
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
  • Mexico cedes Alta California to the US
    • Full area known as the Mexican Cession
  • Rio Grande is the southern border of Texas
  • US pays $15millionandagreedtopay$3.25 million in Mexican debt
• Polk completes Manifest Destiny in one term

Link to original

Calhoun Slavery as a Positive Good Accelerated.pdf Edmund Ruffin Political Economy of Slavery.pdf Hammond Mudsill Theory.pdf